陕西土壤脲酶热力学特征研究

根据土壤脲酶动力学参数与温度的关系,借助于经典酶学理论,较为系统地研究了陕西水稻土、褐土、土脲酶的热力学特征。结果表明,将整个酶促反应划分为酶-底物复合物形成和分解两个阶段分别计算其热力学函数是可行的,得到了更多酶促反应机理方面的信息;不同土样脲酶复合物形成和分解阶段的温度系数Q10、活化能Ea、活化焓ΔH、活化熵ΔS和活化自由能ΔG有明显差异;土壤脲酶的Q10范围为0.82~2.48;两阶段土壤脲酶除个别处理外Ea、ΔH1、ΔH2、ΔS均大于零,揭示出形成和分解阶段酶促反应的有序性较差,混乱度较大,需要外界提供更多能量来完成酶活性部位与反应物的互补契合以及解离,最终完成酶促反应;形成阶段ΔG1和整个反应的ΔG、ΔH均小于零,表明形成阶段和整个酶促反应为一可自发进行的放热反应,总体上不需要外界能量即可完成;各土样分解阶段的ΔG2均大于零,表明土壤类型、肥力状况等对酶促反应的复合物分解过程的可能性无显著影响,复合物分解是酶促反应的限速步骤。可见得到的热力学参数从多方面共同表征了各土样酶促反应机理上的细微差异。     

BCT-1型生物质燃气燃烧器的研制

该文介绍了生物质燃气的基本燃烧特性，并给出了BCT-1型生物质燃气燃烧器的基本结构。BCT-1型生物质燃气燃烧器采用鼓风扩散式燃烧，使用柴油作为点火介质，燃烧过程实现自动控制。该燃烧器适用于多种生物质气化燃气，试验表明燃烧器在稳定工作条件下燃烧效率为98％，烟气CO含量小于1×10^-6，各项性能指标达到燃气燃烧器的基本要求。     

温室地下蓄热系统换热特性研究

针对现行温室地下埋管式换热系统结构的缺点，为充分利用地下蓄热，提高地温和夜间环境温度，设计了一种新型温室地下蓄热系统。测定了系统蓄热与放热时进出口空气温度、湿度与换热管道出口处空气的流速。试验结果表明，温室地下蓄热系统蓄热和放热时进口空气与出口空气的温度差、焓差较大，其差值随系统运行时间降低，白天蓄热量与夜间释放热量大于系统消耗的电能，蓄热时运行时间不宜大于4.5 h。     

基于计算机绘图软件的雨滴谱测定新方法

 为寻找天然降雨和人工模拟降雨特征及设计人工降雨装置的新方法,运用计算机绘图软件与传统色斑法相结合,探索出一种新的测量雨滴直径与数据处理方法。该方法弥补了传统色斑法在观测与数据转换方面工作冗繁、精度低的缺陷,使测量下限由1mm下降到0.2mm,测量范围扩大了一个数量级,大大减少了测量工作量,并得出雨滴直径与色斑直径率定关系式。对其普适性与优越性进行了检验,结果表明:在应用新方法对降雨雨谱进行分析时,所得公式最佳。     

崩岗堆积土体渗透特性及剖面水分特征——以广东省五华县莲塘岗崩岗为例

[目的]崩岗内部堆积土体是侵蚀的主要物质来源。通过对其渗透过程进行研究,揭示其中的规律性,探索崩岗的侵蚀机理。[方法]采用自制双环渗水试验装置,结合PR2/6土壤剖面水分测定仪,在广东省五华县莲塘岗崩岗野外现场进行渗水试验。[结果](1)崩积锥稳渗率在0.58~2.41mm/min之间,3个试验点平均稳渗率为1.37mm/min,沟道土体平均稳渗率高达5.58mm/min,渗透过程以重力流为主,土体结构稳定;(2)入渗速率与时间成负指数幂函数关系,符合Kositakov模型;(3)初始含水率越高,湿润锋移动速度越快,影响范围越深,稳渗时湿润锋深度在600~1 000mm及以上;(4)土体剖面含水率分布受土体非均质性的影响,自上而下呈波动式下降。[结论]崩岗堆积土体最大失稳深度至少为600~1 000mm,甚至可以达到1 000mm以上,崩积锥的非均质性具有阻渗作用,易形成滞水层并发生潜蚀,对崩岗侵蚀过程产生影响,是渗透研究的重点。     

Habitat use and conservation of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) under different grassland management regimes

Declines in the natural populations of several bumblebee species across Britain and Europe are an increasing cause for concern. In this study the habitat use of bumblebees was investigated on Salisbury Plain Training Area, the largest remaining area of unimproved chalk grassland in north-west Europe. Habitat characteristics influencing the overall abundance, species richness and foraging activity of bumblebees included the diversity and abundance of flowering plant species (particularly of favoured forage plants such as Trifolium pratense), vegetation structure and height. It is suggested that different Bombus species respond to these habitat characteristics depending on their specific foraging and nesting requirements, the case of Bombus humilis being especially relevant. The effects of several grassland management practices were considered in terms of their suitability for the conservation of bumblebee habitats. Cattle grazing was shown to be preferable to both sheep grazing and the absence of any management, although the timing and intensity of such grazing was important. Small-scale disturbances caused by vehicle activity were also of value in producing locally abundant forage resources in less intensively managed grasslands.     

Estimating floristic integrity in tallgrass prairie

Indices are needed in habitat conservation and restoration to provide repeatable measures relevant to conservation goals. A monitoring and research program was established at Nachusa Grasslands in north-central Illinois (USA) to assess progress in tallgrass prairie restoration and reconstruction efforts and evaluate the effectiveness of indices used to measure community-level properties related to vegetation integrity. Indices selected for comparison included standard diversity measures (e.g., Shannon-Weiner Index, Evenness, Species Richness) and indices developed specifically to estimate vegetation integrity. These latter indices included two unweighted diversity indices, the Species Richness Index and Native Richness Index, and two indices weighted by characteristics of species composition, the Floristic Quality Index (FQI) and its component Mean Coefficient of Conservatism (Mean C). A coefficient of conservatism (CC) is an integer ranging from 0 to 10 assigned a priori to each taxon in a regional flora that estimates the fidelity of a species to natural areas (non-native and most ruderal species are assigned 0 or low values, respectively; species known primarily from natural areas are assigned higher values). All indices compared in this study were calculated using vegetation data collected from equal-sized sampling grids stratified across seven prairie units. The units included remnants and plantings representing a wide range of habitat quality. The FQI and Mean C explained the most variation among sites and were most effective at distinguishing recognized qualitative differences indicating they can be more informative than traditional species-diversity measures in assessing floristic integrity within community types. The FQI and Mean C are applicable to both quantitative ecological monitoring and plotless survey methods.     

中国荒漠化的形成原因和分布特征

 世界上的沙漠主要分布在副热带,唯独我国的沙漠分布在温带。根据有关文献和1994年我国沙漠化普查资料,介绍国内外现代干旱和沙漠化现状,分析青藏高原隆升、末次大冰期、水土资源分布、气候变化、社会经济干旱和人类不合理经济活动对我国北方沙漠化形成和分布的影响,以及未来发展趋势。建议要尽快实施跨流域调水、节水林牧业和依法治沙,彻底改变“三北”地区的干旱荒漠面貌。     

渠井用水比对灌区降水响应及其环境效应分析

渠井结合灌区适宜渠井用水比例关系灌区地下水环境和区域农业可持续发展。该文以人民胜利渠灌区为例,集合了灌区1954-2014年农业用水量及降水量、研究区域2008-2014年渠井用水比、地下水埋深、地下水水化学特征数据,分析了降雨量、地下水动态特征与渠井用水比例的相关性,以期探明渠井结合灌区渠井用水比对降雨的响应及其对土壤和地下水环境的影响。结果表明,典型渠井结合灌区渠井用水比与年降水量呈线性正相关;渠系上游地下水水位变化较下游更为剧烈,在用水水平、用水方式一致条件下,渠井用水比例越大,地下水埋深超过11 m区域增幅越小,较大的渠井用水比例对于上游地下水位下降减缓效果明显;平水期、枯水期,由于渠井用水比例不合理,地下水无序开采且超采严重,区域地下水碱化趋势明显;受气候变化影响,近5 a渠灌水量仅为多年均值的75.52%,未来区域降水量具有减小趋势,这势必进一步加剧农业水资源紧缺的形式。为了满足农业的正常生产,增加灌区地下水开采成为唯一解决途径,这势必加剧地下水的碱化趋势及地下水超采区的扩大。因此,确定灌区适宜的渠井用水比例对于灌区水资源的科学利用与农业的可持续发展具有重要意义。